^ think\paginator\driver\Bootstrap {#97 #simple: false #items: think\Collection {#76 #items: array:15 [ 0 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#62 +"oid": "6285136acd12373fe53493d8" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(三)财政管理" "abstract" => "清朝与中国历代封建王朝一样,在中央政府设立户部(唐宋以前称为“地官”、“大司农”等)管理全国财政(户部另外还管理全国的户口、土地等事务)。由于清朝是以满洲贵族为主、满汉地主阶级联合统治的王朝,因此在户部设满、汉尚书各一人主管各项事务。在尚书以下,有侍郎、主事、郎中、员外郎等官员各司其职。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000071" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 1 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#73 +"oid": "6285136acd12373fe53493d9" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "二、金融" "abstract" => "在我国传统的经济史研究中,所谓金融主要是指货币的发行、管理、流通和使用。这里也主要就这些问题进行叙述和探讨。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000072" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 2 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#75 +"oid": "6285136acd12373fe53493da" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(一)“旧普尔钱”" "abstract" => "在18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆前,天山南部维吾尔地区流通的货币主要是“普尔钱”。这种钱因用红铜铸造,颜色呈红色,因此又称为“红钱”。这里,为了与清朝政府治理新疆后铸造的普尔钱相区别,暂称之为“旧普尔钱”。对“旧普尔钱”的制造、流通、形制等情况,清代文献中有较翔实的记载,现在也有少数实物发现。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000073" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 3 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#77 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493db" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(二)“新普尔钱”" "abstract" => "乾隆二十四年(1759年)清朝政府治理新疆后,在把内地的货币体系引入新疆的同时,又保留、改造了南疆维吾尔地区的货币系统,使新疆的金融货币面貌发生了很大变化。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000074" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 4 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#78 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493dc" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(三)制钱" "abstract" => "制钱又称“青钱”,亦称“麻钱”,是清朝时期内地各省区广泛流通使用的一种货币。其金属成分一般为铜六铅四,每枚重约一钱二分,圆形方孔,正面铸各朝年号,如“康熙通宝”、“乾隆通宝”等,背面铸有各铸钱局名。在清朝消灭准噶尔汗国和平定大小和卓叛乱过程中,清军也把内地的制钱带入新疆。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000075" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 5 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#79 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493dd" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "第七节 商业贸易" "abstract" => "新疆地处欧亚大陆中心和丝绸之路要冲,自古以来内外贸易就比较发达。18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆后,继续维持新疆在内外贸易中的这一地位,一直比较重视内外贸易活动的开展。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000076" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 6 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#80 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493de" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "一、内部贸易" "abstract" => "新疆地大物博,天山南北都有丰富的各种资源可以开发利用,但某些产品的生产技术和水平却长期比内地滞后,各族军民生产、生活中的许多物质要靠在对内的贸易中解决和丰富。这一时期新疆的对内贸易表现形式主要有三种:一是以官府经营为主的“官办贸易”,二是以内地商民经营为主的“民间贸易”,三是以当地维吾尔人为主的“巴扎”贸易。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000077" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 7 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#81 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493df" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(一)以“官铺”为中心的官办贸易" "abstract" => "清朝政府治理新疆前期,官办贸易比较突出的表现就是在新疆各主要城市设立官铺,从而实现对贸易的垄断,以保证驻守新疆官兵,尤其是满营官兵家眷的物质供应。因此,这里重点对以官铺为中心的官办贸易做一叙述。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000078" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 8 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#82 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493e0" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(二)以内地商民为主的民间贸易" "abstract" => "18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆后,随着整个经济,特别是农牧业生产的恢复和发展,民间贸易也逐渐活跃起来。这里重点谈一下这一时期以内地商民为主在新疆的贸易。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000079" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 9 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#83 +"oid": "6285136bcd12373fe53493e1" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(三)以维吾尔人为主的“巴扎”贸易" "abstract" => "“巴扎”,维吾尔语音译,清代汉文献又写作“八扎尔”、“八栅尔”等,是新疆天山南部(今俗称“南疆”)维吾尔人集中生活地区的一种集市,为各族群众买卖交换各种货物的重要场所,一般是七日一次,通常在伊斯兰教聚礼日的星期五,在18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆前就已经存在。②对此,椿园在《西域闻见录》中说:“回地当准噶尔横肆之时,闻于秋收之后,辄遣人向回城征收赋税。每回户男一人,谓之一户。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000080" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 10 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#84 +"oid": "6285136ccd12373fe53493e2" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "二、外部贸易" "abstract" => "18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆后,其西部与新疆相邻的主要是哈萨克、布鲁特(今柯尔克孜族)、浩罕、巴达克山等中亚地区的一些汗国或地方邦国。这时的哈萨克、布鲁特、浩罕、巴达克山等,在政治上都表示“臣附”清朝,是清朝的“外藩属国”,定期向清朝派遣使臣,“进贡”物品。清朝政府对他们也实行传统的“羁縻”政策,既不在其境内设官驻军,也不向其征收赋税,完全不干涉其内部事务,对“朝觐”或“进贡”的使臣,则以“赏赐”的名义,优厚地给予各种银两财物。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000081" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 11 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#85 +"oid": "6285136ccd12373fe53493e3" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(一)与哈萨克等部的贸易" "abstract" => "18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆后,在天山北部与新疆相邻的主要是哈萨克各部及布鲁特的一部分部落,因此在清朝政府治理前期新疆天山北部地区的对外贸易中,与哈萨克的贸易占有重要位置,不但规模比较大,而且对新疆经济的恢复发展与改善各族军民的生活状况有比较重要的作用。早期双方贸易的地点主要是在乌鲁木齐,以后移到伊犁和塔尔巴哈台。由于在双方开展的贸易物品中,哈萨克以马匹为主,清朝以丝绸绢匹为主,故史称为“绢马贸易”。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000082" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 12 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#86 +"oid": "6285136ccd12373fe53493e4" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(二)与浩罕等部的贸易" "abstract" => "浩罕是18世纪初年由乌兹别克人(中国写作“乌孜别克”)为主,在中亚费尔干纳盆地建立起来的一个封建小国,属下有安集延、玛尔噶朗、那木干、浩罕等几个较大的城市。在18世纪中期清朝政府统一新疆过程中,浩罕曾派使臣到清军军营,表示“臣附”清朝。在清朝政府治理新疆以后的数十年中,浩罕曾多次派使臣到北京和新疆“朝觐”、“进贡”,是当时清朝的“外藩”之一。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000083" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 13 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#87 +"oid": "6285136ccd12373fe53493e5" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "三、对内外贸易的监管" "abstract" => "从以上叙述中可以看出,18世纪中期清朝政府治理新疆后,对新疆的内外贸易还是比较重视的,也一直持积极而又慎重的态度,并为此制定实施了一系列的政策、章程。概括起来有:" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000084" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] 14 => array:11 [ "_id" => MongoDB\BSON\ObjectId {#88 +"oid": "6285136ccd12373fe53493e6" } "type" => "正文" "title" => "(一)制定政策,保护发展内部贸易" "abstract" => "在至今所见到的清代文献中,还没有发现清朝政府当时制定的有关新疆对内贸易方面的统一章程。但是,就一个地区或某一件事情而制定的有关对内贸易的具体政策规定,在清代各种文献中却不少。这里根据有关记载,进行一些综合性的叙述。" "contributorInfo" => [] "dataType" => "200" "_identifier" => "320020020210000085" "_sourceID" => "320010020210000001" "sourceTitle" => "清代新疆经济史稿" "zyTypeStr" => "图书" "dataTypeStr" => "析出资源" ] ] } #currentPage: 20 #lastPage: 7347 #total: 110204 #listRows: 15 #hasMore: true #options: array:5 [ "var_page" => "page" "path" => "/searchpage" "query" => array:3 [ "c3" => "港航监督" "lib_num" => "3200" "page" => "20" ] "fragment" => "" "list_rows" => 15 ] }